Mark Antony - Wikipedia. Marcus Antonius (Latin: M. Antony was appointed administrator of Italy while Caesar eliminated political opponents in Greece, North Africa, and Spain. Rumbaugh Historical Oration Contest; Sgt. Moses Adams Memorial Middle School Brochure Contest; ROTC & JROTC Recognition Program. General Horace Porter: Empire State SAR: 1893: 4: Chicago, IL: General Horace. General Porter's Oration Matt Porter's Blog Friday, May 3, 2013. The Funeral Oration was recorded by Thucydides in book two of his History of the Peloponnesian War Although Thucydides records the speech in the. Biography of General George S. After Caesar's death in 4. BC, Antony joined forces with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, another of Caesar's generals, and Octavian, Caesar's nephew and adopted son, forming a three- man dictatorship known to historians as the Second Triumvirate. The Triumvirs defeated Caesar's murderers, the Liberatores, at the Battle of Philippi in 4. Thomas Bolton Answers Dr. Joseph Warren Dresses for an Oration. Massachusetts General Court (89) Parliament (88) school (87). Asahel Porter (4) Augustus Johnston (4) Barlow. BC, and divided the government of the Republic between themselves. Antony was assigned Rome's eastern provinces, including the client kingdom of Egypt, then ruled by Cleopatra VII Philopator, and was given the command in Rome's war against Parthia. Relations among the Triumvirs were strained as the various members sought greater political power. Browse the May Anti-Slavery Collection. President Johnson's celebration, General Howard's oration.Civil war between Antony and Octavian was averted in 4. BC, when Antony married Octavian's sister, Octavia. Despite this marriage, Antony carried on a love affair with Cleopatra, who bore him three children, further straining Antony's relations with Octavian. Lepidus was expelled from the association in 3. BC, and in 3. 3 BC disagreements between Antony and Octavian caused a split between the remaining Triumvirs. Their ongoing hostility erupted into civil war in 3. BC, as the Roman Senate, at Octavian's direction, declared war on Cleopatra and proclaimed Antony a traitor. Later that year, Antony was defeated by Octavian's forces at the Battle of Actium. Defeated, Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide. With Antony dead, Octavian was the undisputed master of the Roman world. In 2. 7 BC, Octavian was granted the title of Augustus, marking the final stage in the transformation of the Roman Republic into an empire, with himself as the first Roman emperor. Early life. Antony was an infant at the time of Lucius Cornelius Sulla's march on Rome in 8. BC. He was a major figure in the Second Catilinarian Conspiracy and was summarily executed on the orders of the Consul Cicero in 6. BC for his involvement. According to the historian Plutarch, he spent his teenage years wandering through Rome with his brothers and friends gambling, drinking, and becoming involved in scandalous love affairs. Hoping to escape his creditors, Antony fled to Greece in 5. BC, where he studied philosophy and rhetoric at Athens. Early career. Years earlier in 6. BC, the Roman general Pompey had captured him and his father, King Aristobulus II, during his war against the remnant of the Seleucid Empire. Pompey had deposed Aristobulus and installed Hyrcanus as Rome. Pharaoh. Ptolemy XII Auletes had been deposed in a rebellion led by his daughter Berenice IV in 5. BC, forcing him to seek asylum in Rome. This was done against the orders of the Senate but with the approval of Pompey, then Rome. The Greek historian Plutarch records it was Antony who convinced Gabinius to finally act. In return for its support, Rome exercised considerable power over the kingdom. Roman historian Appian of Alexandria later recorded Antony's desire for the Egyptian princess began at this meeting. In 6. 0 BC, a secret agreement (known as the . Crassus, Rome's wealthiest man, had defeated the slave rebellion of Spartacus in 7. BC; Pompey conquered much of the Eastern Mediterranean in the 6. BC; Caesar was Rome's Pontifex Maximus and a former general in Spain. In 5. 9 BC, Caesar, with funding from Crassus, was elected Consul to pursue legislation favorable to Crassus and Pompey's interests. In return, Caesar was assigned the governorship of Illyricum, Cisalpine Gaul, and Transalpine Gaul for five years beginning in 5. BC. Caesar used his governorship as a launching point for his conquest of free Gaul. In 5. 5 BC, Crassus and Pompey served as Consuls while Caesar's command was extended for another five years. Rome was effectively under the absolute power of these three men. Sometime between 5. BC, the union produced a single daughter, Antonia Prima. It is unclear if this was Antony's first marriage. Clodius, through the influence of his benefactor Marcus Licinius Crassus, had developed a positive political relationship with Julius Caesar. Clodius secured Antony a position on Caesar's military staff in 5. BC, joining his conquest of Gaul. Serving under Caesar, Antony demonstrated excellent military leadership. Despite a temporary alienation later in life, Antony and Caesar developed friendly relations which would continue until Caesar's assassination in 4. BC. Caesar's influence secured greater political advancement for Antony. After a year of service in Gaul, Caesar dispatched Antony to Rome to formally begin his political career, receiving election as Quaestor for 5. BC as a member of the Populares faction. Assigned to assist Caesar, Antony returned to Gaul and commanded Caesar's cavalry during his victory at the Battle of Alesia against the Gallic High King Vercingetorix. Following his year in office, Antony was promoted by Caesar to the rank of Legate and assigned command of two legions (approximately 7,5. Caesar's daughter Julia, who had married Pompey to secure the alliance, died in 5. BC while Crassus was killed at the Battle of Carrhae in 5. BC. Without the stability they provided, the divide between Caesar and Pompey grew ever larger. The supporters of Caesar, led by Clodius, and the supporters of Pompey, led by Titus Annius Milo, routinely clashed. In 5. 2 BC, Milo succeeded in assassinating Clodius, resulting in widespread riots and the burning of the Senate meeting house, the Curia Hostilia, by Clodius' street gang. Anarchy resulted, causing the Senate to look to Pompey. Fearing the persecutions of Lucius Cornelius Sulla only thirty- years earlier, they avoided granting Pompey the dictatorship by instead naming him sole Consul for the year, giving him extraordinary but limited powers. Pompey ordered armed soldiers into the city to restore order and to eliminate the remnants of Clodius' gang. With the war over, Antony was sent back to Rome to act as Caesar's protector against Pompey and the other Optimates. With the support of Caesar, who as Pontifex Maximus was head of the Roman religion, Antony was appointed the College of Augurs, an important priestly office responsible for interpreting the will of the Roman gods by studying the flight of birds. All public actions required favorable auspices, granting the college considerable influence. Antony was then elected as one of the ten People's Tribunes for 4. BC. In this position, Antony could protect Caesar from his political enemies by vetoing any actions unfavorable to his patron. Civil War. The Consuls for the year, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, were firm Optimates opposed to Caesar. Upon assuming office in January, Antony immediately summoned a meeting of the Senate to resolve the conflict: he proposed both Caesar and Pompey lay down their commands and return to the status of mere private citizens. Antony then made a new proposal: Caesar would retain only two of his eight legions and the governorship of Illyrium if he was allowed to stand for the Consulship in absentia. This arrangement ensured his immunity from suit would continue, he had needed the Consulship to protect himself from prosecution by Pompey. Though Pompey found the concession satisfactory, Cato and Lentulus refused to back down, with Lentulus even expelling Antony from the Senate meeting by force. Antony fled Rome, fearing for his life, and returned to Caesar's camp on the banks of the Rubicon River, the southern limit of Caesar's lawful command. Within days of Antony's expulsion, on 7 January 4. BC, the Senate reconvened. Under the leadership of Cato and with the tacit support of Pompey, the Senate passed the . The Senate further declared Caesar a traitor and a public enemy if he did not immediately disband his army. As Tribune, Antony's person was sacrosanct and therefore it was unlawful to harm him or refuse to recognize his veto. Three days later, on 1. January, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, starting a civil war. After entering Rome, instead of pursuing Pompey, Caesar marched to Spain to defeat Pompeian- loyalists there. Meanwhile, Antony, with the rank of Propraetor despite never having served as Praetor, was installed as governor of Italy and commander of the army, stationed there while Marcus Lepidus, one of Caesar's staff officers, ran the provisional administration of Rome itself. In early 4. 8 BC, he prepared to sail with seven legions to Greece to face Pompey. Caesar had entrusted the defense of Illyricum to Gaius Antonius, Antony's younger brother, and Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Pompey's forces, however, defeated them and assumed control of the Adriatic Sea along with it. Additionally, the two legions they commanded defected to Pompey. Without their fleet, Caesar lacked the necessary transport ships to cross into Greece with his seven legions. Instead, he sailed with only two and placed Antony in command of the remaining five at Brundisium with instructions to join him as soon as he was able. In early 4. 8 BC, Lucius Scribonius Libo was given command of Pompey's fleet, comprising some fifty galleys. Antony, however, managed to trick Libo into pursuing some decoy ships, causing Libo. Antony commanded the left wing of Caesar's army. During the Greek campaign, Plutarch records Antony was Caesar's top general and second to only him in reputation. With food sources running low, Caesar, in July, ordered a nocturnal assault on Pompey's camp, but Pompey's larger forces pushed back the assault. Though an indecisive result, the victory was a tactical win for Pompey. Pompey, however, did not order a counter- assault on Caesar's camp, allowing Caesar to retreat unhindered. Caesar would later remark the civil war would have ended that day if Pompey had only attacked him. At the Battle of Pharsalus on 9 August 4.
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